Can a Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree Live Forever ?
Trees are by nature healthy and springy . They can “ potentially ” exist a prospicient metre . A 2021Scientific Americanpieceby Robin Lloyd declares “ Trees Have the Potential to Live Indefinitely . ” It summarizes the determination of an article entitled“On Tree Longevity”by Gianluca Piovesan and Franco Biondi in the August 2020New Phytologist . Lloyd quote Biondi , “ Tree can indeed last indefinitely , but this does not happen . ” Eventually a living ( biotic ) or non - surviving ( abiotic ) matter ultimately kills them . Sad for the planet , since an older tree stores more carbon than a younger tree . Piovesan and Biondi follow that there is “ no genetic grounds of age in super old Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree ’ meristem . ” The meristem is tissue whose cell divide , thus generating new cells and , therefore , growth . Apical meristems are situate at the tips of arm and root and in buds . The vascular cambium is a meristem and produce the diam ontogenesis of the trunk , branch , and base .
One studyof the lifespan of street trees indicates that the idealistic life sentence span of a white oak tree is 600 year , and that the average life of a red maple in Illinois forests is 75 to 150 years . It suggests that trees planted in groupings in the landscape may make it 50 years longer than those planted in a perdition beside a sidewalk . In fact , the United States Department of Agriculture work find that the median urban Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree live between 19 and 28 eld . For a documented lean of very old tree see theWikipediaarticle “ List of quondam trees ” and the Virginia Big Tree Program’sLifespans of Common Trees in Virginia . Clearly , trees do not dwell forever and different tree have dissimilar lifespans .
The focus of this clause is disease , but below we will also explore factors that can compromise any tree diagram ’s longevity potential . Often alone , without familiar , and not always in a scope they would course choose , it is authoritative to apprise that sometimes our planting compel trees to live a life for which they did not develop .
account read Us Just How nerve-wracking a Tree ’s spirit Can Be
All live things , include tree , contract bridge disease . Stress in its many forms sets the stage for a tree ’s decline . Trees become ill because of the intersection of specific vulnerability , environmental factors , and the being of a pathogen . More on this afterwards . Sometimes all factors total utterly together to create an arboreal nightmare on a grand scale . Among recent history ’s most interesting and informative Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree catastrophe are the tribulations ofHevea brasiliensis , the India rubber tree , andCastanea dentata , the American chestnut .
Henry Ford wanted to own the yield of one of the most decisive materials for his vehicles : pencil eraser . He hoped to do some social good as well for Amazon occupier . He established two woodlet in the Amazon – Fordlândia ( 1928 ) and Belterra ( 1934 ) — with mass planting and superb supporting facilities . But once the gum elastic trees had taken clench they were attacked by a diverseness of challenge . In hisBusiness History Reviewarticle “ Rubber in Brazil : Dominance and Collapse , 1876 - 1945 ” Randolph R. Resor write , “ Caterpillars and sauba ants , red-faced mires , black crust , yellow graduated table , lacing glitch ( a pest unknown in Amazonia before the start of the Ford woodlet ) and South American foliage blight [ the fungusMicrocyclus ulei ] weakened and kill many tree diagram . ” ( p. 364 ) The dangers of monoculture were apparent : “ When Tree were scattered through the Amazon rain wood , a pest that would attack one tree would not necessarily assail another . But in close law of proximity on the Ford plantation , the . . . trees provided an well-to-do target area . ” ( p. 364 ) The disease induce leaves to spot , and as the spot increase in number , leaves wither and decrease . Although Ford ’s effort face many challenge , the keen challenge was nature . After substantial investiture , the nation was sell back symbolically to the Brazilian government in 1945 for only $ 244,700 . Today most rubber is grown in Southeast Asia . If the South American leafage blight ( SALB ) travels there , there will be an experiential natural rubber crisis . Natural rubber remains in demand . Perhaps there are some resistant Tree in the Amazon or a tolerant sort might be developed .
Until the early 20thcentury , many of America ’s timberland were dominated by the American chestnut tree . chestnut tree eat creature and masses , the wood was long-lasting , fine grain and easily work , and its bark was used in the tanning industry . Before the twentieth C , perhaps as many as one out of four trees in the eastern United States was a chestnut tree . Some mature tree diagram were known to get through meridian pass 100 human foot , with diameters of more than 10 groundwork . As early as 1893 the Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree came under attack by the fungus . limb , offset , and twigs were killed by deep-set or open canker sore , which begin as reddish brown bark patches . Leaves on affect branches withered and turn brown . The fungus was observed in 1904 and was described and named in a scientific bulletin two year later . The disease spread rapidly across all ranges . By 1911 much had been learned . Today we know the parasitic fungus asCryphonectria parasitica , formerlyEndotria parasitica , and in 1905 asDiaporthe parasitica . Then as now , the fungus emitted both summertime and winter spore . awkward summertime spores attached themselves to animal and birds , people , and matter and were carried from tree diagram to tree diagram . Diseased lumber spread the disease . And the wind carried wintertime spores not bad distances . Virginia forests were hit hard . To discover a home , the spore involve only to find a microscopic break in a tree ’s barque triggered by insects , peckerwood , or innate occurrence . Richard Powers ’ novelThe Overstorydescribes the chestnut ’s plight . This noteworthy Holy Scripture was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 2019 , was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize , and received the William Dean Howells Medal .
Pennsylvania was the first state to fight the chestnut tree blight . In 1911 , it was the site of a magnanimous conference center on how to gross out the invader . The argument that any action was hopeless — the right conclusion — was not accepted , and alternatively , the tree diagram were round with saws to prevent spread . It was soon discovered that the blight had entered the United States on Nipponese chestnut tree nursery stock . unluckily , what was not a tree diagram killer in Asia was a orca in America . Early on , it was observed that Chinese and Nipponese varieties survive the blight , and bringing up became a reasonable response . The backcrossing of resistant Chinese trees with the American chestnut , rather than the obliteration of struggling and ultimately designate survivor , is now pursue . There are alsogenetic engineeringefforts afoot . Once again , nature has show to be a unnerving foe . Fungi , bacterium , and virus and their transmitter are , after all , just doing what comes naturally . To realize this crisis is greater detail , see especially George H. Hepting’sJournal of Forest Historyarticle “ Death of the American Chestnut,”Chestnuts and the origination of Chestnut Blight , Forest Pathology’sChestnut BlightandA New Hope , and theVirginia chapterofThe American Chestnut Foundation’sWarren Laws ’ presentationThe American Chestnut : The Tree that Made America .
gamey profile challenges remain . insect alone can wreak devastation and destruction . Currently , the North American ash tree is under attack by two wood - drill insects , the emerald ash borer and the Asiatic longhorned beetle . Dutch elm disease persist in with us , the fungus having entered the land during World War I from Europe , but probably originating in Asia . Vectors are the European elm bark mallet and the American elm bark beetle . And mood variety is expected to bear upon timber health in the futurity . Large and localized change will have an shock , one papercontends : disease outbreaks will become more difficult , innkeeper resistance to pathogens may be overtake , and warmer winters may allow pathogens and insects to overwinter more successfully . A warmer / wetter mood will further foliar and rust diseases in exceptional . With climate change , some diseases may travel north and/or to high natural elevation .
Why Trees Get tired of
For a tree to constrict a disease , an Cartesian product of factors must come together : the environment must be conducive to disease , there must be a pathogen ( disease - causing organism ) nowadays , and the mintage must be susceptible . This is recognise as the disease triangle . For an insightful and concise discussion of the disease triangle , see Leonard J. Franci’sconsideration . If one component is missing or move out , a tree diagram will neither concentrate nor sustain a disease . Of course , there must be a way for the pathogen to infect the tree . The pathogen can be carried by a living being , a vector , or carry by wind , water , or another means . Insects are the usual transmitter ( and sometimes pathogens can grow within them ) , although their role may be just to make a hole in the tree ’s defenses , allow the pathogen entry through other way . Pathogens are bacterium , fungi , virus , mycoplasma and spiroplasmas ( bacteria ) , and parasitic plant as well as nematodes .
Bacteriaare one - celled microorganisms ; they can not reproduce on their own , but rise by jail cell sectionalization . A mobile phone grows to twice its initial size of it and then divides in two . bacterium can be spread out by every imaginable means . Fungiare microscopic and are neither plant life nor animals . They belong to the kingdom Fungi . Mold is a microscopic fungal development that disseminate on damp or decay organic issue . Fungi reproduce by spore and gather nutrients from their host plant . They can lay dormant in adversity expect for the return of favourable conditions . Even smaller than bacterium and fungus kingdom , virusesare submicroscopic and bet on living organisms for food and reproduction . They reduplicate only within an organism ’s cell . Among their mode of facing pages are fungi , insects , nematode , seed , and territory . Finally , plant - feedingnematodesare microscopic worms and one of the major planet ’s most abundant creatures . Nematodes puncture cell rampart to feed and parasitize a tree ’s roots . The vast majority of industrial plant diseases — including tree diseases — are fungous .
The other two sides or ingredient of the disease triangle are thehostand theenvironment . Hostscan vary in their susceptibility . A pathogen that will impact one tree diagram will often have no effect whatsoever on another . For a disease to be compress , the environment must be contributive to its exploitation . Temperature and moisture extremes as well as nutritional deficiencies can produce a conduciveenvironment . Air tone can also be an issuing as well as air movement . trauma the tree has substantiate can be deciding as well as planting practices , such as monoculture , as in the cause of the condom tree , which is discussed above . last , the length of alignment between pathogen , host , and surroundings can be critical . magnetic declination in the intensity of the cistron represent by the trigon ’s sides , and continuance of alignment , will determine the severity of an contagion . Stress cause by biotic and abiotic factor weaken a tree ’s response to contagion .
Recognizing a Sick Tree
Does my tree have a disease ? In most instances , you will recognize relatively apace that something is haywire . A definition of “ disease ” suggests how loose this should be : “ Any harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of an organism , in general link up with certain signs and symptom and differ in nature from physical trauma . A diseased being unremarkably exhibits signs or symptoms indicative of its unnatural State Department . ” ( Burrows , William and Dante G. Scarpelli “ disease“ . Encyclopaedia Britannica . ) In other words , depend for the unusual or atypical . Of course , to recognize an mental defectiveness , one must be familiar with a Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree ’s normal visual aspect .
Sick Trees Usually Look Sick
mushroom growing at the tree ’s base signal decay , as does break down or soft wood . Fungal infections present as strange patch on leaves that appear powdery , furry , or fuzzy . Fungal infection can also cause wilt : foliage will yellow , plant part will loll , and defoliation will happen early . Sometimes an septic Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree will produce an excessive craw of seeds and have little leaves . Fungal and bacterial disease present as spots on bark and leaves . Leaf and growing wind equipment casualty that come out suddenly is an reading of disease . arm that are droop , dead , or dying can be the outcome of a tree ’s battle with a disease . Wilting leaves can be an indicator of disease — not drought relate , — if they appear on only a part of a tree . Fungi can cause root rot , affecting both hardwood and coniferous tree , presenting as yellow leave of absence , utter branch , stunted growth , and sag and wilt disease . Fungi can also result in pestilence on both hardwoods and conifers , present as deep lesion on woody piece . In sophisticated stages twigs or branch can be girdle , leaves will drop , wilt , and the helping of the subdivision utmost from the trunk may choke . See Sharon M. Douglas’Recognizing Tree Diseases and Stress Factors .
For a cornucopia of ailing tree simulacrum , there is no good place to look than theBugwood Image Database System . Here you ’ll feel leaves , trunks , ramification , and stems in all degree of desperation . Bugwoodis a grant - funded effort , set out in 1994 by the University of Georgia ’s Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health . One of its ingredient is devoted to forestry . As a whole , the system holds more than 318,161 in high spirits quality image and is superbly searchable . Excellent images are also available inTree and Forest Health Guide : A Handbook for the Diagnosis of Urban and Rural Forest Disturbances .
tree Are Not Defenseless
While your tree may be sick , it belike is fighting back . Its struggle will not always end in success , but it will literally not go down without a fight . Like all live things , Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree store and utilize energy and they have limited stockpile to get by with sickness . A tree ’s first line of defense is the bark on its bole and branches and the waxy cuticle on its leave of absence . Breaching or compromising these is a serious matter . Pathogens can enter through cracks or wounding as well as through the pores on the epidermis of leaves and stem ( these pores are known asstomata , and are necessitate for photosynthesis ) .
Trees engross in chemical war . Their defensive chemical have antibiotic qualities ; they inhibit the attacker ’s growth or prevent it entirely by urinate plant tissue paper uneatable . This is also a response to insect feeding . Plant cells distinguish the encroacher by its molecular pattern and then react on a cellular level . chemical substance are produced that make the cadre environment toxic , and alkalization come , make flavonoids or alkaloid , which are antimicrobic . When the sapwood ( the lenient outer layers of recently - formed Ellen Price Wood containing useable vascular tissue ) , located between the barque and heartwood ( the obtuse inner part of a tree trunk ) , is attack , the tree set out to acquire rapidly to shut down the wound . This process can be characterise as a balancing act or hedging between defense and re-formation . The pathogen may have enter through wrong obtain from engagement with something as mundane as wind , pruning ( do not cut into the fungicide producing limb collar , cut outside of it ) , or an worm . These events are evident in structures on the tree ’s limbs and trunk and are remembered with burl and blemishes in lumber . Once the rotten area is closed , the tree saturate the marooned area from the inside and wipe out the fungus . This cognitive process is do it as “ compartmentalization of decay in trees ” or CODIT .
At CODIT ’s effect is the fact that while trees can not repair cells , they have a prodigious ability to generate raw ones . discussion of the cognitive process are plentiful and available in various layer of particular , basic give-and-take are leave by Paul Hetzler’sHow tree diagram protect themselves from wounds , disease and gadfly ( admit us)and Matt Candeias’How Trees Fight Disease ; but a thoroughgoing discussion , with fantabulous graphics , is ground in Alex L. Shigo ’s “ Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees . ” As note , the process begin with the tree walling off the dilapidate area ; the Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree then chemically alter the structure of the pathologic cells , and new wall of more resistant cells are build around the diseased area . Four chemical substance walls are constructed : two circular , one radial , and one horizontally vapid . Simultaneously , the tree continue to grow , the disease tissue is isolated and starved , and then chemically attacked . Note that the healing cover by itself does not determine the resulting level of decay . Hetzler points out that CODIT reception deviate by species : poplars and willows have a very weak response , ruby oak and soft maple a middling response , but operose maple and white oak respond vigorously . Because of a diversity of emphasis factors , landscape painting trees — peculiarly urban trees — reply with less vigor than forest Tree . scientist also think that trees can discourage one another of approaching insect and disease challenges , enabling them to ramp up their defence . Unfortunately , if the fungus has moved through the sapwood into the duramen , the battle is eventually misplace . Even then , the Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree can last on for a long time . Peter Wohlleben explain how inThe Hidden Life of Trees :
“ But even if the fungus lives and make itself at home inside the tree , all is not drop off . True , the fungus can get stuck into the wood without further hindrance , but it takes its time . A whole century can pass before everything is exhaust and turn over to mush . Even this wo n’t make the tree the slight spot less unchanging , because the fungus can not expand into the surface-active agent extinct ring of living sapwood . In extreme compositor’s case , the tree gets hollowed out like a opera hat . And just like a pipe , the tree remains unchanging . . . The outer growth tintinnabulation , which are still active , transport water up the torso and , therefore , are much too wet for fungus . ” ( pp . 160 - 161 )
In the simplest price , a tree dies when it can no longer feed itself — absorb and apply water / moisture , nutrients , and sun in sufficient measure — and/or when its structural integrity is “ morbidly ” compromised . think of though , trees are tough : they can generally live with a pathogen or recover from a disease .
have a go at it the affected role
So far we ’ve approach the theme largely conceptually . Now for the pragmatic . If your tree diagram looks sick it is sound to discover the Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree . This will allow you to chaffer reference point sources that will indicate a choice of probable problem and corresponding responses . As a pragmatic subject , you should get laid the personal identity of the plants for which you are responsible . It facilitates caring for them . tree diagram identification can carry on through a diversity of TV channel : books , web site , and apps .
The best book for identifying Virginia Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree isCommon Native Trees of Virginia : Identification Guide ( Virginia Department of Forestry , 2020 ) . It isavailable in print and free online . On a computer , you’re able to tryTree Identification , Virginia Tech . On your earpiece , payload and expend the excellent appVirginia Tech Tree Identification . There is also thePurdue Tree Doctorapp , which shortly suggests management options . Among other approaches are the first-class Virginia Tech “ factsheets . ” Using entropy from theVirginia Department of Forestryand theVirginia Tech Dendrology Department(dendrology is the scientific study of trees ) , theCharlottesville Area Tree Stewards(CATS ) have prepared the excellent introduction to tree identificationGetting to Know Trees . The organization also regularly hold in Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree identification rapid growth classes as well as walks . Slides from the recentwinter tree designation presentationare available online . They will instruct you in tree identification scheme .
Help Can Be On the Way
The Virginia Department of Forestry’sHelp with Sick Treesis a guidebook to identifying what pain your tree . recommend step or options are sending a “ sample ” to the Department , contacting your local Department forester , or reference of the excellentTree and Forest Health Guide : A Handbook for the Diagnosis of Urban and Rural Forest Disturbances . This is the place to set about . This guide is beautifully illustrated and is organise first by biotic pests : insects , beast , and diseases . Under disease will be found subcategories for rusting , root issue , canker , foliage , and vascular issue . For each type of job , there is a list of server trees , signs and symptom , timing , direction , and other specifically applicable information . Abiotic issues are also covered : freestanding section cover such issues as girdling ascendent , wind , melody befoulment , and dirt pH. These abiotic considerations are important because they can weaken a tree diagram , making it susceptible to biotic challenge . Once you describe the tree under thoughtfulness , you’re able to utilise the “ Host Tree Species Index ” to discover the pests and diseases potentially impress the tree .
The standard discussion for many long time has been chemicals . For guidance on chemical habit , refer to VCE’sHome Grounds & Animals : 2023 Pest Management Guide . It cover up insect and diseases . This template is an expansive , elaborated , and practical collection of information . It is the place to become first for information on all face of chemical covering as well as storage and disposition of pesticides . In the section style “ Diseases of Landscape Trees ” , Table 4.3 heel the tree diagram , and beneath it , potential disease with corresponding pesticides ( by usual name ) , and then recommendation for chemical substance dominance , ethnical ascendence , and forethought and remarks . A cultural control includes such things as the recommendation to burn up or bury fallen leaves or to rationalize affected branch below a canker and then remove the branches from the area . In some of the Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree sections , extensive guidance is give . The introduction to the subdivision is very useful .
If you ’d like to address the problem more holistically , an Integrated Pest Management ( IPM ) approach is urge . constituent of this advance for tree sharpen explicitly on disease will let in correct pruning , review for bark injuries , protect trunks from mower and trimmer damage , murder debris beneath Tree , appropriate mulching materials and coating , irrigation as take , foreclose soil erosion or compaction , regular and through monitoring and record guardianship , the biological control or elimination of harmful insects , and the use of constitutive pesticide . Critical to any IPM program is the reduction of pesticide use . In accession , mycomhizal fungus might be sum up to improve both mineral nutrient and water absorption and , if appropriate , protective wrap might even be considered at time of planting . The extract of problem - devoid trees as novel additions is also wise to and is considered below . For more about IPM , believe the Piedmont Master GardenerGarden Shedarticle“Integrated Pest Management . ”See also Virginia Cooperative Extension’sAn debut to Integrated Pest Management . Whether or not pursuing an IPM approach , theGarden Shedarticle“Pesticide Storage and Disposal”deserves brushup . lastly , the VCEPest Management Guideincludes a concise and very useful IPM division .
At any point in the process of recognizing a trouble and identifying its cause , you may like to contact an arborist . Size alone suggests that dealing with a tree disease is far more challenging than combating pests or diseases plaguing a rose bush . start by visiting the Department of Forestry ’s pageHire a Certified Arborist . One criteria for pick out an arborist is to be sure the person you ’ve selected is certified by theInternational Society of Arboriculture ( ISA ) . To observe a certified tree surgeon , search under the ISA internet site ’s utilityFind an Arborist.(Located at the bottom of the Sir Frederick Handley Page . )
An Ounce of Prevention is Worth a Pound of Cure
“ Hindsight is always 20/20 ” : but it is generally reliable that “ An apothecaries' ounce of prevention is worth a Ezra Pound of remedy . ” A thriving healthy tree , planted right and in an appropriate mise en scene , is most probable to be resilient , defending itself well from all insults . A musical composition by theUniversity of Illinois Extensionadvises found the right tree in the right place , not planting trees too deep , correct pruning , appropriate mulching , subdue girdle roots , spacing trees for their mature size , and hazard only when necessary . After regard these primal point , the Department of Forestry’sTree Careis a serious first overview .
To start from the origin , which may well not be where you are , take a tree for planting that will enjoy its environment , “ correct tree , right shoes . ” See theCharlottesville Area Tree Stewards’(CATS)Right Tree / Right Placeand theRight Tree / Right Place Tree List . Problem - free Trees for Virginia Landscapes , noted above , is helpful as well asCommon Native Trees of Virginia . Also worthful are the tree section ofPiedmont Native plant : A Guide for Landscapes and Gardens . See also CATS’Suggested Native Tress for the PiedmontandCharlottesville ’s Tree Packetas well as the currentCharlottesville Master Tree List .
Once a Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree and situation are take , constitute it carefully . Virginia conjunctive Extension’sPlanting Treesis concise but comprehensive and the CATSTree Planting Guideand the videoPlanting a Tree Bare Rootshould be consulted . Also , check out the Department of Forestry’sPlanting Trees . See alsoSay NO to Volcano Mulching!The wet entrap by over - mulching encourages bacterium .
One of the most important things you’re able to provide throughout a tree ’s animation is heady pruning . Pruning can play an extremely authoritative role in disease prevention . For example , rubbing branches , which may promptly damage barque , call for vector and accordingly disease percolation . See the slides from a CATS presentationHow to Prune Landscape Trees(Young Landscape Tree Pruning ) . Adventitious growth scourge a Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree ’s energy . Lack of air flow may also be an issue . Proper fertilization during a tree ’s early years and fertilization if an fittingly take tree begins to shin can also be helpful . See the VCE’sFertilizing Landscape Trees and Shrubs – Basic . And while planting masses of the same species is aesthetically pleasing , the danger inherent in monoculture – at least in uttermost case – may be lounge .
protagonist of Trees
A wealthiness of valuable information is promptly available , and there are local and state organizations that will help you in your Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree efforts . Some already refer include theCharlottesville Area Tree Stewards ( CATS),Piedmont Master Gardeners ( PMG ) , and , of class , theVirginia Department of Forestry ( VDOF ) . Call thePMG help desk(where you’re able to receive guidance regarding a Virginia Techdiagnostic serviceand thePlant Disease Diagnostic Form ) or consult Forestry’sHome Owner Assistance for Urban and Community Forestry . Virginia Tech offersDr . Dendro(“Dr . Dendro will answer any of your tree related questions . ” ) . To connect with the Virginia Department of Forestry forester for your area , seeFind a Forester . And , as previously noted , to lease an arborist , gossip Forestry’sHire a Certified Arborist .
Sources
Featured Image : Dogwood anthracnose ( the fungusDiscula destructiva ) , a symptom finish - up . Photo : Penn State Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology Archives , Penn State University , Bugwood.org , CC BY - NC 3;0 US .
Core Sources
Help with Sick Trees . Virginia Department of Forestry .
Home Grounds & Animals : 2023 Pest Management Guide . Publication 456 - 018 . Virginia Cooperative Extension . See Diseases of Landscape Trees , 4 - 11 and Insects of Trees , Shrubs , Annuals , and Perennials , 4 - 29 .
Homeowner Assistance for Urban and Community Forestry . Virginia Department of Forestry .
louse and Diseases . Virginia Department of Forestry .
tree diagram and Forest Health Guide : A Handbook for the Diagnosis of Urban and Rural Forest Disturbances . Virginia Department of Forestry .
Additional Sources
The American Chestnut Foundation(TACF).Virginia Chapter .
American Chestnut : The Tree That Made America . Video slide demonstration for the Virginia Native Plant Society by Warren Laws , former President of the United States of the Virginia chapter of The American Chestnut Foundation .
Bugwood Image Database System .
Chestnut BlightandA New Hope . Forest Pathology .
Chestnuts and the Introduction of Chestnut Blight . By Dr. Sandra L. Anagnostakis . Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology , The Connecticut Experiment Station .
Charlottesville Area Tree Stewards . The site offer a wealth of information .
Charlottesville ’s Tree Packet . Neighborhood Development Services Department , City of Charlottesville , 2021 . Includes the current lord tree diagram list as well as guidance on planting and maintenance .
Challenges to Sustainable timberland : Disease & Insects . Slide Presentation . Virginia Tech .
Common Forest Disease Problems . University of Arkansas Research and Extension , Cooperative Extension Service .
“ Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees . ” By Alex L. Shigo . USDA Forest Service , 1985 .
“ Death of the American Chestnut . ” By George H. Hepting . Journal of Forest History , vol . 18 , no . 3 ( July , 1974 ) , pp . 60 - 67 .
“ Developing Blight - liberal American Chestnut Trees . ”By Powell , William A. , Andrew E. Newhouse , and Vernon Coffey . Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology , vol 11 , no.7 ( 1 Jul;y 2019 ) .
The Disease Triangle : A Plant Pathological Paradigm Revised . By Leonard J. Franci . Department of Plant Pathology , North Dakota State University . The American Phytopathogical Society ( APS ) .
Disease Types . Forest Pathology .
Diseases . University of Maryland Extension . Enter tree or the specific tree or subject in the search box .
disease in Hardwood Tree Plantings . By Paula M. Pijut . Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center , Northern Research Station USDA Forest Service and Department of Forestry and Natural Resources , Purdue University .
Fertilizing Landscape Trees and Shrubs – Basic . Virginia Cooperative Extension .
Fertilizing Trees and Shrubs . Clemson Cooperative Extension .
Forest Health . Southern Regional Extension Forestry . provide information on plants , insects , diseases , and other factors . Also provides accessible resourcefulness under headings for publication , webinars , and other imagination . The Southern Regional Extension Forestry ( SREF ) Forest Health Program was created in 2015 by Drs . David Coyle and William Hubbard with financial backing from the USDA Forest Service – Forest Health Protection Unit , the Southern Group of State Foresters , and the University of Georgia ’s – D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources and the College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences .
Forest Tree Diseases and Climate Change . By Susan Frankel , Jennifer Juzwik , and Frank Koch . The Climate Change Resource Center , United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) .
The Hidden Life of Trees : What They Feel , How They Communicate ; Discoveries From A Secret World . By Peter Wohlleban . Greystone Books , English translation 2016 ; originally in German 2015 .
How Long Should I Expect My Tree to Last?By Scott A. Sjolander . Penn State Extension .
How Trees Fight Disease . By Matt Candeias . InInDefense of Plants , 26 April 2025 . ( A discussion of CODIT ) .
How trees protect themselves from wounds , disease and pests ( including us ) . By Paul Hetzler . North Country Public Radio ( NCPR ) .
Hybrid American Chestnuts . Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences .
Increase life duo of urban trees . Illinois Extension .
[ Insects :] Trees and Shrubs . University of Maryland Extension .
An Introduction to Integrated Pest Management . Virginia Cooperative Extension .
International Society of Arboriculture(ISA ) . SeeFind an Arborist .
Lifespans of Common Trees in Virginia . Virginia Big Tree Program , Virginia Cooperative Extension .
“ On Tree Longevity . ”By Gianluca Poovesan and Franco Biondi . New Phytologist(December 2020 ) .
The Overstory . By Richard Powers . W.W. Norton & Company , 2018 .
Parasitic Plants . Forest Pathology .
“ Pesticide Storage and Disposal . ”By Penny Fenner - Crisp . The Garden Shed , vol . 5 , no . 11 ( November 2019 ) . Piedmont Master Gardeners .
Piedmont Master Gardeners . Help Desk .
“ Planting a New Tree . ”By David K. Garth . The Garden Shed , vol . 1 , no . 11 ( November 2015 ) . Piedmont Master Gardeners .
Problem - free Trees for Virginia Landscapes . Publication 450 - 237 . By Mary Ann Hansen , Alex Niemiera , and Eric Day . Virginia Cooperative Extension .
Purdue Tree Doctor . App . Available at app stock for Android and iPhone . Purdue University Extension . See on-line searchable program namedPurdue Plant Doctor .
accredit Tree Diseases and Stress Factors . By Dr. Sharon M. Douglas . Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology , Connecticut Agricultural and Experiment Station .
“ Recovery of American chestnut tree characteristics adopt hybridization and backrcross breeding to doctor blight - ravagedCastanea dentata . ”By Diskin , Matthew , Kim C , Steiner , and Frederick V. Hebard . Forest Ecology , vol 223 ( 2006 ) , pp . 439 - 447 .
revival of the Majestic Chestnut : Chestnut Blight Disease . By Sandra L. Anagnostakis . Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station .
“ Rubber in Brazil : Dominance and Collapse , 1876 - 1945 . ” By Randolph R. Resor . The Business History Review , vol . 51 , no . 51 ( Autumn , 1977 ) , pp . 341 - 366 .
Tree and Shrub Insects . University of Minnesota Extension .
Tree Identification . Virginia Department of Forestry .
Tree Pruning Essentials . By Lindsey Purcell . Purdue Extension . This is an great and comprehensive foundation .
Tree Pruning for the Landscape . Webinar . Purdue Extension .
Trees Have The Potential to go Indefinitely . By Robin Lloyd . Scientific American(21 February 2025 ) .
Virginia Tech Dendrology . Virginia Tech . Tree recognition searchable database .
Virginia Tech Tree Identification . App . usable at app stores for Android and iPhone . For an introduction , see the YouTubevideo . The World Wide Web is deep in tree diagram recognition TV .
